Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing - 1384 Words

Europe, the world’s largest cosmetic market, Israel, and India have already banned animal testing for cosmetics, and the sale or import of newly animal-tested beauty products. Major companies have turned their backs completely on animal testing and no longer use ingredients that were tested on animals – and a number of animal tests have been completely replaced with superior, cheaper and more effective non-animal methods. Proponents of animal testing say that it has enabled the development of many life-saving treatments for both humans and animals, that there is no alternative method for researching a complete living organism, and that strict regulations prevent the mistreatment of animals in laboratories. Opponents of animal testing say†¦show more content†¦Dozens of diseases, from cancer to epilepsy, affect both animals and humans. Vaccines that treat humans also benefit animals. Through techniques like artificial insemination and embryo transfer, species tha t are endangered or have disappeared in the wild can now be managed or maintained. Research on the sexual behavior of animals has made it possible to breed many species in captivity, enabling endangered species to be reintroduced to the wild (How Do Animals Benefit from Animal Research). If vaccines were not tested on animals, millions of animals would have died from rabies, distemper, feline leukemia, infectious hepatitis virus, tetanus, anthrax, and canine parvovirus. The Animal Welfare Act protects certain animals from inhumane treatment and neglect. Congress passed the law in 1966, after legislators learned the story of a pet Dalmatian named Pepper who was taken from its family s backyard in 1965 and sold to a dog dealer. The Animal Welfare Information Center was established to provide researchers with a database of alternatives to painful animal experiments and each research facility in the United States using protected species must register with the USDA and establish an Insti tutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) to review all experimental protocols involving live, warm-blooded animals (Regulation of Animal Research). Animals are used underShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing937 Words   |  4 PagesAbout Animal Testing? Kaylee Smith 9-6-2017 AGR 199 Introduction and Background Not very many people think about the fact that a majority of the products they buy have been tested on animals, let alone animal testing in general. Animal testing has been going on for many years, with the use of dogs, cats, mice, rabbits, mini pigs, and farm animals. When someone brings up animal testing there usually is an argument about the pros and cons. Many people are against it because the animals are beingRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Animal Testing2973 Words   |  12 Pagescabinet has been tested on an animal at one point or another. A government funded corporation called the Food and Drug Administration, abbreviated as the FDA, is in charge of making sure that all drugs, cosmetics, biological products, and more are efficient, secure, and safe for human usage. The FDA will not allow any drug to be released or sold to the human population if it has not first been tested on animals. In fact, when a drug is first created it is tested on animals before humans are even all owedRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Animal Testing1413 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Each year in USA laboratories more then 100 million animals are burned, poisoned and lamed (Top 5 Shocking Animal Experimentation Facts). Each year scientists use animals in order to progress, to improve life of people and animals. However, many testing animals suffer and die. But others do not agree and support the fact that we should use animals because of advance. So what are advantages and disadvantages of using animals? This problem will be researched from different areas such asRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Testing1074 Words   |  5 Pages Animal Testing is a enormous upset in the word today. Animal activist have been trying to put an end to it for years , but to no avail. Animal testing is when scientist will use animals to do experiments on . They will either hook heavy machinery to these poor defenseless animals or inject them with harsh chemicals just to see if its okay for human use. Over 26 millions of animals are used every year in just the united states alone for these cruel acts by the hand of man. Testing on animals haveRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Testing1288 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Each animal bred or used for research, whether a mouse, fish, or monkey, is an individual capable of experiencing pain, suffering, and distress† (â€Å"Animal† 2013). The advancements in technology today had sparked a debate worldwide on whether it is right or wrong to use animals for experimentation in laboratories. With newl y advanced scientific technology, experts are able to utilize advanced technology to simulate functions of the human body on a much smaller scale, including microchips of humanRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing2487 Words   |  10 PagesMillions of animals suffer painfully and even die as an outcome of scientific research. The effects of drugs, food additives, cosmetics and other chemical products slowly kill innocent animals every year. Although some people believe animal testing is necessary, others firmly believe that the alternatives choices that have been discovered over the years are the way to go. Especially because these choices are cheaper, more reliable and do not harm animals. This essay looks into the pros and cons of animalRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1725 Words   |  7 PagesEach year, more than 100 million animals are experimented on in U.S. laboratories. These experiments are for things such as biology lessons, medical training, curiosity -driven experimentation, and chemical, drug, food, and cosmetics testing.(Procon writers) Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. Animal testing is controversial and people findRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing826 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing, although extremely debated, is something that should no longer be practiced anywhere around the world. Let’s start by taking a look at just how much animal testing is practiced in the United States as well as in other countries. The article called, â€Å"Animal Use Statistics† from the Humane Society International, says, â€Å"Only a small proportion of countries collect and publish data concerning their use of animals for testing and research, but it is estimated that more than 115 millionRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1502 Words   |  7 Pag esthat animal testing is beneficial to the advancement of human knowledge, while animal rights’ activists claim that animal testing is not humane and violates animals’ rights. The controversy over animal testing is best understood as a disagreement about whether animal testing is beneficial to humans. Each year more than 100 million animals are killed in the U.S. Every country has a law that permits medical experimentation on animals. While some countries protect particular kinds of animals fromRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Testing905 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing has been the target of animal cruelty groups since the beginning of its existence, but the benefits it provides, humans and animals far greater than the type of method that is used to get the results. Scientists Karl Landsteiner’s success in finding a cure to polio is an example of how the benefits of animal testing helped better future human lives. In his experiments he discovered that P olio viruses had three variations, meaning that they would have to produce a product that could

Drug Abuse On The United States Essay - 1344 Words

Drug Abuse on the Rise in the Community â€Å"In 2014, nearly two million Americans either abused or were dependent on prescription opioid pain relievers (â€Å"Injury Prevention and Control: Opioid Overdose,† 2016.)† The CDC is now saying that the United States is in an epidemic. The purpose of this paper is to explore the increasing drug use in the United States over the last decade. The primary focus is on the administration of opioid analgesics and the addicting mechanisms of these medications, and what they are used for. It will talk about the deaths related to these medications and the health effects, and the other types of drugs these medications can lead to, such as heroin. This paper will also talk about the costs related to opioid analgesics in the hospitals and in the community, and what we as health care providers can be doing to help stop this epidemic. Drug Abuse on the Risk in the Community Opioid analgesics, also known as narcotic analgesics, and are used as pain relievers that act on the central nervous system; these drugs can have very addicting mechanisms involved. â€Å"According to the centers for disease control and prevention, prescription drug abuse has reached â€Å"epidemic† proportions, deaths from prescription drugs, particularly opioid analgesics, now vie with automobile accidents as the most common cause for accidental death (Herzberg, Guarino, Mateu-Gelabert, Bennett, 2016).† Throughout the last decade there have been more deaths and addictionShow MoreRelatedDrug Abuse And The United States1645 Words   |  7 PagesNixon launched the war on drugs stating, â€Å"America’s public enemy number one in the United States is drug abuse. In order to fight and defeat this enemy, it is necessary to wage a new, all out offensive† (Sharp, 1994). Since this war was declared 45 years ago the prison population has risen dramatically and has cost tax payers a substantial amount of money, with no end in sight. Nearly sixty five percent of the 2.3 million U.S. prisoners meet the criteria for substance abuse or addiction, yet only elevenRead MoreDrug Abuse And The United States1374 Words   |  6 PagesDrug abuse is happening in many countries. Millions of dollars are exhausted universally to prevent drug use, to treat addicts, and to fight drug-related misdemeanors. While drugs menace many civilizations, their result can also be combated triumphantly. This essay topic glances at some of the consequences of drug use on the world, and proposes some resolution to the complication. Drug addiction and drug abuse sinfully changes your state of body and mind with chemical substances. (What is the scopeRead MoreDrug Abuse And The United States879 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of drug abuse and addiction in the United States has become much more relevant in the past few years. Drugs and the drug crisis were for the longest tim e something which was limited geographically, socially and racially. Which is to say that drugs were only a â€Å"problem† in the inner city. In the 1980s, this was symbolized by the so-called crack epidemic which ravaged the poorer and most fragile communities in the country. The issue of drug abuse in the United States is important becauseRead MoreDrug Abuse And The United States3359 Words   |  14 Pageswith drugs in the United States. Law enforcement has been fighting to decrease this drug abuse for almost centuries. Presidents have personally have been trying to find different methods on how to stop this drug war. Unfortunately law enforcement has not been able to win this battle. You could see how they are losing because there been so many cases that involve drug abusers that had to go to get treatment or some even go to prison. This is causing so many problems especially with the drug tradeRead MoreDrug Abuse And The United States1549 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduct ion: Drug abuse has always been a very delicate question as it always it deals with the health, well-being and even lives of human beings belonging to any country. The position of the United States of America towards drugs has always been very clear and distinctively negative. Throughout the history of the country there were numerous cases against drug dealers, buyers and many more. These cases did always catch the attention of civil people who by showing interest in such cases revealedRead MoreDrug Abuse in the United States546 Words   |  2 PagesA major social problem that is in the United States is the usage of drugs among students. Drugs have had a very large growth rate within the past years. Drugs are a major issue that is affecting students and going to school and getting an education. There are a numerous number of reasons of why the young are partaking in drugs. Mostly because they don’t have a very stable and healthy home environment meaning their parents donâ₠¬â„¢t really care for them or discipline them by any means. A big transitionRead More Drug Abuse in the United States Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Abuse in the United States of America In the United States of America, we, the people value several things, some of which are freedom, expanding and taking care of our families and our financial security. We, the people, take such things for granted. We also discourage some behavior, such as crime, laziness and use of illegal drugs. Drug abuse is one of the most discouraged behaviors in our country. Use of illegal drugs is harmful to the userand all those with whom the userRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On The United States1717 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrate the absurdity of the drug abuse problems in the United States, it should be brought to light that the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use Health estimated that â€Å"27 million people aged 12 or older have used an illicit drug in the past 30 days† (Hedden, Kennet, Lipari, Medley, Tice, 2015). As gun violence has become a popular topic in America over the past few years due to its’ related deaths, many Americans’ fail to realize that more people are dying from drug overdose than by weapon. In today’sRead MoreDrug Abuse And Its Effects On The United States Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesDrug abuse is worldwide problem and one that has plagued the United States for decades. Drug abuse negatively impacts not only the individual user, but also our society as a whole. The fight to prevent the manufacturing and trafficking of illegal drugs into the country h as made very little impact on its accessibility to those that wish to partake. According to the National Drug Control Budget Report for 2015, the President of the United States request $25.4 Billion in Fiscal Year 2015 in orderRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On The United States947 Words   |  4 PagesNgoc Do Drug Abuse Drug abuse is a problem that has been increasing immensely in the United States. The amount of people using drugs is increasing drastically with people starting or trying illegal substances as a younger age. Drug abuse is the over use of legal and illegal substances. The abuse of drugs is the number one health related problem. Types of drugs commonly abused include alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, painkillers, depressants, cocaine, stimulants, hallucinogens, heroin, and methamphetamine

Month-by-Month Information on Meteor Showers

The Cruelty of Animal Testing - 1644 Words

Animal testing is a completely unnecessary act of cruelty and should not be allowed for various reasons. It is superfluous for innocent animals to undergo chemical testing of any sort, not only do they suffer, but there are other more humane alternatives to test products. Many people who are in favor of animal testing do not know of these safer more humane alternatives. Many methods have been developed to help stop animal testing, and improve the health system of all human beings. A significant amount of chemical testing is done on animals and is completely unnecessary. Many companies test on animals to evaluate the efficiency of a chemical. When testing on animals they usually check for skin or eye irritation after pouring harsh chemicals onto the shaved skin of a delicate animal, usually a rabbit, or it is dripped into their eyes without any form of pain relief. [1] Not only are they tested upon, but afterwards if they have not already died, they are killed by either: asphyxiation, neck-breaking, or decapitation. Many drug companies use animals for the â€Å"lethal dose† test; they force a defenseless animal to swallow significant amounts of the chemical which is being tested until they determine the dose that will cause death. [2] This type of chemical test on animals causes excruciating pain to them because the chemicals are practically destroying their internal systems as more chemicals are being inserted into their small bodies. The drug efficiency test is one of theShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Is Animal Cruelty1939 Words   |  8 Pages12/2/2015 English 099 Mr. Adamoschek Is it cruel to use Animals to Test Human products? Approximately 225 million animals are used for testing every year. Billions have been killed in the process. (Questions and Answers About Biomedical Research.†) How can this be allowed? Isn’t it cruel to use animals to test products for humans? Many animal rights activists say, â€Å"yes† to this question. However, scientists argue it is necessary and animal research can help save human lives. There are probable argumentsRead MoreAnimal Testing And Its Unnecessary Cruelty1682 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract It is cruel for animals to continue to be tortured when it is unnecessary. It has been proven that the tests performed on animals have different effects on humans. Companies are using animals to test the safety of their products using old methods that were created back in the early 1900s. There has been enough scientific advancement for these companies to use other methods using 21st century technology. Unfortunately, there are not enough laws or regulations in the U.S. to protect the safetyRead MoreAnimal Testing Is An Act Of Animal Cruelty952 Words   |  4 Pagesmillions of animals are stuck inside cold, locked cages in laboratories across the country. They dwindle in pain, throb with loneliness, and yearn to roam free and use their own minds. Instead, all they do is lie and wait in despair for the next terrifying and agonizing operation that is to be performed on them. They shudder and wince in fear whenever someone walks past their cage. After surviving lives of pain, isolation , and horror, near to all of them will be killed. Although animal testing bringsRead MoreAnimal Testing is Animal Cruelty Essay1880 Words   |  8 PagesAnimal Testing is Animal Cruelty The way I look at animal testing is a form hateful cruelty. None of these people care about if it hurts or kills the animals. The cruelty has been going on long enough and I think it is time to stop. What people do not know is that animal’s react a different way to drugs as humans do, so scientist cannot apply the results to humans. Many animals go through screaming, unbearable, horrific; you cannot even imagine pain when they go through test for products that youRead More The Cruelty of Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cruelty of Animal Testing and the Need for Alternative Methods In his book Inhumane Society: The American Way of Exploiting Animals, Dr. Michael W. Fox estimates that twenty-five to thirty-five million animals are used in the United States each year for laboratory testing and research (58). Research involving tests done on animals is unnecessary and cruel. More humane methods of research need to be employed. Fox states that animal tests on cosmetics and household products are nothingRead MoreThe Cruelty That Is Endured During Animal Testing1704 Words   |  7 PagesThe cruelty that is endured during animal testing The testing of animals in the cosmetic industry is purely inhumane, due to the fact that the benefit of testing does not prove to be as useful to offset the negative impact it has on animals, or offset the value of alternatives testing. â€Å"The thinking, feeling animals who are used in experiments are treated like nothing more than disposable laboratory equipment.† The scientist testing on animals should not treat animals like they are not livingRead MoreMedical Testing on Animals is Considered Animal Cruelty Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesResearch on living animals has been practiced since at least 500 BC. Over 25 million animals are tested in labs every year. They are used for medical and scientific research. The animals used in research often undergo cruel experimentations and suffer through the pain. During medical testing, less than 2% of human illnesses are seen in animals, therefor medical testing on animals is cruel and pointless. Medical testing on animals should be illegal because products that pass animal tests end up harmingRead MoreThe Ongoing Issue of Animal Cruelty, Abuse, and Animal Testing1078 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal cruelty is an ongoing issue in today’s society. When we listen to the news and hear about these animals being starved, beaten, and treated poorly our hearts drop and we get a lump in our throat holding back the tears. We see these animals suffer, we see the pain in their eyes begging for our help, we want to put an end to this but we fail to see the bigger picture. Animal cruelty is a more severe and extreme than we think it is. Animal cruelty just is not owners beating their pets. AnimalRead MoreEssay about The Cruelty of Animal Testing1245 Words   |  5 PagesThere are nearly 26 million animals in the United States who are tested for commercial and scientific use. The AWA- Animal Welfare Act- provides limitations on which animals institutions and scientists can use. Since 1850, the AWA protected about 1, 134,693 animals, but has left about 25 million other animals to be scientifically and commercially used. The fact that there are about 25 million animal species not protected by the AWA has many people against animal testing. The AWA sets minimum housingRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay648 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal testing for human safety is inhumane and must be banned. Beloved house pets such as rodents, rabbits and even dogs are being tested on all over the world. These powerless and voiceless animals are intentionally given dreadful diseases to find cures while scientists could be finding alternative ways of testing instead of using our furry friends. Furthermore, the tests are not precise because there have been products found to cause cancer in animals but also cures human ailments. Why are humans

Single Mothers in Poverty Free Essays

Single Mothers in Poverty Midterm Essay 1 After doing the exercise of creating a budget for a single mother with two kids who is trying to â€Å"make ends meet† on a minimum-wage job, I have come to have so much compassion for those struggling with this dilemma. The odds are highly against a poor woman trying to do her best raising her children on a low-income job, some might even say that it would be impossible to do alone. The hurdles of expensive daycare, the rising cost of housing, the low-availability of welfare for women already working, the demanding natures of jobs which don’t allow for paid medical leave, and the skyrocketing costs of health care, all contribute to the poverty of single mothers. We will write a custom essay sample on Single Mothers in Poverty or any similar topic only for you Order Now While I was taking a deeper look into this problem, it became abundantly clear to me that this is definitely a big â€Å"public issue† that needs to be addressed from a social policy standpoint. One of the biggest issues facing America today is poverty. One of the single most contributing factors of poverty is single-parent (namely single mother) households. Certainly it’s easy to look at individual families like these and see a string of individual choices. Yet, it goes far beyond â€Å"personal trouble† and is definitely considered to be a â€Å"public issue† (a â€Å"public crisis† one might say). As Mills sates in The Sociological Imagination, â€Å"Perhaps the most fruitful distinction with which the sociological imagination works is between ‘the personal troubles of milieu’ and ‘the public issues of social structure’† (Mills, pg. 2). Let’s zoom out and look at the bigger picture here. â€Å"The poverty rate among children is higher in the United States than in most other major Western industrialized nations† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 44). When looking at the single mothers who raise these children, the poverty rate in the U. S. for these women is far above the average in other high income countries, even though the single mother employment rate in the U. S. is also above the average. Less generous income support programs in the U. S. help explain the exceptionally high poverty rate for single mother families in the U. S (forbes. com). This clearly demonstrates the legitimacy of this being a public issue. It’s true that more and more children are growing up in single parent households, and many of these families struggle to get by. In fact, â€Å"†¦children are more likely to live in poverty than Americans in any other age group† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 44). But that’s not an accident of poor choices: while single parenthood has been skyrocketing, we’ve also been paring back the supports that could help these families stay afloat. Single mothers have an especially hard time getting out of poverty. Households headed by single mothers are four times as likely to be poor as are families headed by married couples (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 46). Not only that, but, â€Å"Single-parent families are more vulnerable to poverty because there is only one adult income earner, and female heads of household are disadvantaged even further because women in general make less money than men do† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 46). In fact, â€Å"Families with a female householder and no spouse present were more likely to be poor than families with a male householder and no spouse present, 28. % versus 13. 8%† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 45). And because the majority of single-parent households are headed by single-mothers, this inevitably increases the rate of poverty nationwide. Most of these mothers live in relative poverty, which refers to, â€Å"†¦a situation in which some people fail to achieve the average income or lifestyle enjoyed by the rest of society† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 40). Take ch ildcare for instance; the high cost of taking care of one’s child is crippling to a single mother making minimum wage and almost immediately plummets her into relative poverty. On average, a poor mother spends 32 percent of her total weekly income on child care. This percentage nearly doubles when more than one child needs care (forbes. com). When a family is faced with relative poverty, the affects spread wide. Income loss appears to affect the well-being of children indirectly through negative impact on family relations and parenting. Single parents experience a variety of stressors related to poverty (i. e. , financial, emotional, social). Single mothers must obtain sufficient money to cover the most basic needs, such as food, shelter, and clothing. Wealth is a particularly important indicator of the individual and family access to life chances. Wealth is a special form of money not used to purchase milk and shoes and other life necessities. More often it is used to create opportunities, secure desired stature and standard of living, or pass class status along to one’s children† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 39). So, what about solutions? â€Å"The s ociological imagination will also help us make a second connection: the one between social problems and social solutions† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 23). When looking at public issues, the textbook makes it clear that, â€Å"Solutions require social action – in the form of social policy, advocacy, and innovation – to address problems at their structural or individual levels† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 20). It is essential that we take a fresh look at our national policies — and their dismal results. Not only are U. S. poverty rates extremely high, with one out of five children living in poverty (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 40); crime rates are also high, with all the resulting costs not only to crime victims, but to taxpayers in court, prison and other attendant public expenses. Even more costly is the enormous price our nation is paying, and will pay, if we continue not to invest in a remedy to this poverty crisis. So, if single parenthood and poverty are so closely related, some people say, we should spend hundreds of millions of dollars promoting marriage to help children avoid poverty (and other problems). That’s what the government has done, with money from the welfare budget. Even if it worked (which it apparently doesn’t) it’s only one approach. What about reducing poverty? And, more specifically, what about reducing the relative likelihood of poverty in single-parent families versus those with married parents? That is, address the poverty gap between the two groups, rather than the size of the two groups. This has the added advantage of not singling out one group — single mothers — for social stigmatization. And, because it defines the problem as economic rather than moral, may make it easier to build public support for helping the poor. Although, â€Å"Helping our nation’s poor has been an administrative priority of many U. S. presidents† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 0), the poverty problem does not seem to be getting much better. Maybe we need to change the conversation about we’re facing here. The conversation about single mothers should focus on how the extreme poverty of U. S. woman-headed families is a symptom of failed U. S. policies. And the conversation about the U. S. economy should focus on the urgent need for a car ing economy. We are clearly lacking a â€Å"caring economy† when we are compared to other wealthy nations, â€Å"U. S. wage and welfare programs are much smaller than similar programs in other countries† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 46). Issues have to do with matters that transcend these local environments of the individual and the range of his inner life. They have to do with the organization of many such milieux into the institutions of an historical society as a whole, with the ways in which various milieux overlap and interpenetrate to form the larger structure of social and historical life† (Mills, pg 2). The issue of poverty clearly stems from the larger structure of social and historical life. It is sad to know that our efforts as a wealthy society are not effectively healing this tragic situation. The poverty level of single mothers affects so many areas of our society as a whole, and our nation’s children get the brunt of it. Not only are they raised poor and impoverished, but their quality of education is compromised, the food they eat is low-quality and unhealthful, and most of them never find their way out of poverty. Writing this paper has truly touched my heart and I long to reach out to single mothers and their children who are desperately in need of compassion and support. More importantly, I would like to reach out this election year and see what I can do to promote the well-being of these mothers who are struggling so hard. Budget Summary for Single Mother in Delta County, Colorado The most recent report for minimum wage in Delta County, Colorado is $7. 25 an hour. The total monthly income for a person working full-time at minimum wage is: $1198 (after taxes). Explanation of calculation: 7. 25 * 40 = 290 (a week) 290 * 52 (weeks in a year) = 15,080 15,080 / 12 (months) = 1256 1256 * . 0463 (income tax rate in Delta County 4. 63%) = 58 1256 – 58 = 1198 Housing Costs| $616| Food Costs| $536| Other Necessities:| | Medical| $412| Clothing| $35| Transportation| $439| Childcare| $996| Phone| $40| Laundry/toiletries/cleaning supplies| $52| School supplies and fees| $20| Appliance and furniture| $17| Miscellaneous| $47| Nonessentials| | Entertainment| $20| Cable| $0| Cigarettes and alcohol| $0| Eat out| $25| Lottery| $5| TOTAL| $3260| *This budget reflects the fact that there is absolutely no public transportation in or around Delta County, so the transportation costs include car payment, insurance, and gas costs. This budget also reflects that I would not invest any money in cable, cigarettes, or alcohol. Also, the cost of childcare for two children in Delta County is exorbitant! At any expense, I couldn’t have my 7 year-old child be a latchkey kid so young. The entertainment and costs of eating out are kept to a minimum. I would (just in case) spend $5 a month on the lottery. Clearly, this mother (hypothetically, me) would be nowhere near making ends meet. I would be living in relative poverty, scraping by every day, living hand-to-mouth, and I would have to be very creative with my time and resources. I would have to make almost TRIPLE what I am currently making in order to live comfortably. Most likely, I would reach out to neighbors, church members, community support groups, food banks, and any other possible resource to keep my head above water. Works Cited Covert, Bryce. â€Å"The Rise and Downfall Of The American Single Mother. † Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 16 July 2012. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. ;http://www. forbes. com/sites/brycecovert/2012/07/16/the-rise-and-downf all-of-single-mothers/;. Leon-Guerrero, Anna. Social Problems: Community, Policy, and Social Action. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge, 2011. Print. Mills, C. Wright. The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford UP, 1959. Print. How to cite Single Mothers in Poverty, Essay examples

Sustainability in Auto Industry Above Mentioned Industry

Question: Describe the Case Study for Sustainability in Auto Industry for Above Mentioned Industry. Answer: Introduction: The current assignment critically evaluates the sustainability achieved in the automobile industry based on the provided case study. In this context, Altenburg, Bhasin and Fischer (2012) remarked that the main aim of driving sustainability in the above-mentioned industry is to develop trucks, cars and industrial machineries that are fuel-efficient. In addition, the main objective of such sustainability is to utilise new materials and establish innovative approaches for minimising dependence on fossil fuels, which would eventually cut down the emissions of greenhouse gases. The assignment focuses on the cultural issues faced on the part of the automobile industry based on the information provided in the case study. This includes the commitment of the industry to deliver maximum value to its customers, environment and the related communities. Along with this, critical assessment of the motivation of the employees and job engagement in the industry has been conducted to develop constructive literature. Furthermore, the management and commitment of the staffs have been identified to gain an insight about their contributions to achieving sustainability in the industry. Finally, the assignment sheds light on the impact of managerial responsibilities on recommendations. Cultural issues faced by Auto industry: In the words of Brook and Pagnanelli (2014), the major cultural issues, which confront the automobile industry, constitute of social responsibility, population, cultural variations and impact of customer movement. According to the provided case study, the company culture of Toyota focuses on four major principles. These principles comprise of long-term philosophy, right process to deliver effective results, adding values to the organisation through continual training and solving root complexities. As commented by Epstein and Buhovac (2014), the long-term philosophy signifies the concentration of the higher management to deliver greater value to the customers and society. Thus, leadership is the critical success or failure factor associated with the long-term philosophy of an organisation. Half-hearted initiatives are bound to fail, which ultimately leave the organisations spinning their wheels (Gunasekaran and Spalanzani 2012). Therefore, it is necessary for the CEOs to be aware of t he leadership skills required to conduct the business activities. However, they often hesitate to adapt to the changing needs of the customers, emerging technologies and regulatory landscape due to the lack of risk-tasking behaviour. As a result, it leads to inferred conflict between the strategic priorities and sustainability efforts (Hahn et al. 2015). In addition, 90% of the automobile industry executives believe that inflationary periods have raised the sustainability importance in the form of reputation, trust and brand. Thus, tailoring the products to the needs of the customers is recommended to the automotive industry to ensure sustainability in their business operations. Another cultural issue is the selection of process to accomplish the effective outcome. The greenhouse gas emissions are the major hindrance of the automotive industry, as identified from the provided case study, to produce the maximum output. The supplier selection process is the key to ensure that effective manufacturing technique is followed in order to produce maximum and error-free final product (Luthra, Garg and Haleem 2015). According to the case study, the environmental regulations of USA have driven the establishment of Prius, the unique hybrid car in the US market. As a result, the environmental sustainability could be maintained and the consumers could avail the model at a cheaper cost. This necessitated the other automotive firms to change their models, which require finding of right suppliers to deliver the right materials and other essential resources. Hence, the firms in the automotive industry need to conduct market research to list the potential suppliers available in the market for producing superior quality transport models at low cost with greater morale and safety. The development of skills within the organisation is another key issue, which confronts the global automotive industry (Mayyas et al. 2012). Since the employees are resistant to changes, it creates major complexities for an organisation to develop the necessary skills within them for maximising the organisational productivity. Continual training and extending support to the staffs is necessary to instil the required skills, which could be achieved through monthly training sessions and internal rewards for better performance. As a result, it would help in driving the learning process of the organisations. Employee motivation and job engagement in Auto industry: The major factors, which drive employee motivation and job engagement in the automotive industry comprise of achievement, camaraderie and equity. In the words of Singh et al. (2012), the majority of the staffs aim to accomplish something, which is significant and meaningful at work. For instance, it is observed from the provided case study that the United Auto Workers Union had achieved industrial recognition during the Second World War for their continuous efforts to enhance the complex working conditions in production plants. Some other instances, which could be observed from the provided study, include company paid pension for the staffs on the part of the US automakers in 1950 and inclusion of health insurance cover for the employees and their families in 1970. Achievement factor could be related with the first instance, in which the workers have strived hard to accomplish an industrial award. The workers tend to develop and build their skills and abilities for accomplishing awards and promotions. Hence, it is necessary for the automotive industry to motivate their employees to strive hard for the organisational objectives. This could be made by providing bonuses, performance-related incentives, monthly appraisal and internal promotions. Thus, fostering the employee motivation and job engagement could be achieved with the means of rewarding employees for their efforts in the automotive industry. The second instance, as mentioned above, could be associated with the camaraderie factor pertaining to employee motivation and job engagement. As commented by Tran et al. (2013), the staffs enjoy working productively with their superiors and subordinates while creating strong interpersonal relationships. As observed from the provided instance, the provision of company paid pension has helped in developing strong interpersonal relationships between the employees and the organisations in the automotive industry. Therefore, it is recommended to the managers of the automotive firms to interact positively and friendly with their teams in motivating the staffs to achieve something, which would benefit them as well as the organisations. The equity factor of employee motivation and job engagement could be directly related with the third instance mentioned above. As assessed, the inclusion of health insurance cover to the employees and their families has resulted in increased commitment and performance of the employees. In this regard, Werbach (2013) cited that the staffs should be treated fairly in terms of benefits and payments, daily treatment, physical and psychological safety. Such fair treatment definitely enhances the commitment of the employees, which motivate them further to achieve the corporate goals and objectives. The health insurance cover has attributed to ensuring the psychological safety of the employees in the sense that the organisation cares about their personal needs and desires. According to the above evaluation, equity factor plays a crucial role in engaging the employees in work to achieve the long-term objectives of the organisation through improved level of productivity. Thus, it is recommend ed to the employers to fulfil the needs of the employees to increase the rate of retention in the organisations through higher fringe benefit options as well as physical safety. Staff and Management Commitment in Auto Industry In the auto industry it has been noticed that workplace safety tends to impact job satisfaction in a positive manner s the employees tend to perceive that safety measures are being executed by the organization. For instance, establishing US production facilities served as a constructive decision in enhancing public relation, philanthropy-sharing technology and lobbying efforts. Top management of the major companies within the auto industry is observed to remain aware about the demand for cleaner air and larger fuel conservation in order to produce decreased emission vehicles (Li and Huang 2014). To attain higher competitive advantage most of the major automobile companies majorly Toyota started conducting its business in The Toyota Way. This initiative taken by the automobile companies evidenced the managements effort of driving the company culture guided by the policies of continuous development and respect for people of the organization. Such commitment by the management within the auto industry served as an approach that can challenge everything and develop an atmosphere of learning (Fu and Ding 2014). This initiative taken by the management supported the staff of automobile organizations to build up a culture of learning that includes bringing change through increasing respect feeling for every employee along with developing trust. Moreover, four major principles that have been observed to guide management decision making in auto industry include: The accurate process that generate accurate results that indicates flow serves as the major aspect in attaining best quality at decreased cost with increased morale and safety. Long-term philosophy that centers on the fact that the focus of the top management of the company is to add value to the society and the consumers Continuously dealing with the major issues that drives the organizational learning Add value to the company through developing the organizations partners and associated staff and considering this view of the management at the organizations that focuses on building trust among people and not just automobiles (Li and Huang 2014). From the analysis of the auto industry, it has been observed that the management style of coordinating the employees that allows space and transparency to the open communication and feedback to the staff. Within the auto industry, it is observed that the communicating flow between the management and the organization employees serves as an important aspect to ensure positive safety climate (Wen and Liu 2014). In comparison, the management makes sure that the staff in this industry must value the safety endeavor through complying with certain other safety needs with the place of work like wearing safety equipments and motoring against any hazards experienced by them within the company. Similarly, it is made sure that the employees should be aware of their rights as necessitated by the law or the top management in the auto industry can exploit these laws. Ethical Issues In the auto industry, several ethical issues might take place that is addressed very effectively by the manufactures within the auto industry. Fuel economy and emission regulation was introduced within the US auto market. Considering this, light pick-up trucks has been produced so that they are fuel efficient and the SUVs was regulated so that they operate under two laws in US such as Clean Air Act and Energy and Conservation Act in order to control emissions (Kulkarni and Rao 2014). Within the auto industry, the case of Volkswagen revealed that the management of the company has been involved in emission test cheating and was accused of rigging its diesel cars in order to pass the emission needs. The employees working within the auto industry considered to maintain distance from the unethical actions like this company. Managers serve as the moral agents for their decisions set an ethical tone for the overall company. The employees within this industry serve as the moral agents for their ethical decisions are affected by the external and structural factors. Such facts are served to be less important in consideration to the increasing individualism within the workplace that is observed as the origin of unethical decisions (Kim and You 2013). Despite of presence of dominant individualism among the employees working within the auto industry, they must be sure regarding the rules that will facilitate the business community deal with the unethical decisions. The companies operating its business within the auto industry has developed effective code of conduct within the organizations that serves as important and effective guides for company decision making. Khalili-Damghani and Najmodin (2014) have stated that the corporate codes behavior serves as an effective measure of the management that can support e thical decision-making. Moreover, the employees of the automobile companies these days are increasingly concerned with addressing the ethical issues concerned with serving the consumers with environment friendly cars. Considering such initiative, the people involved with the automobile industry hugely focused on addressing excess emission of greenhouse gases while producing cars. The management as recognized that cutting excess greenhouse gas emissions from the manufacturing of automobiles will help in meeting the fuel economy standards (Sun, Qiu and Yang 2015). The employees within the auto industry were motivated and was guided so that they are capable to deal with the technological disadvantages they faced to become a good competitor within the industry. For instance, the Honda engineers was guided by the management to have increased concern for the environment while they manufacture vehicles in order to beat the fierce business rivalry (Cao et al. 2016). For operating an ethical business in the industry, the production facilities served as an effective step in enhancing public relations. Managerial Responsibilities Impact on Recommendations There is certain managerial responsibilities impact on the people management recommendations made for the organizations operating within the auto industry. Managers of the auto industry are held responsible too maintain high standard of ethical behavior (Drucker 2013). It is deemed essential for the managers to realize and abide by the ethical as well as legal obligations of their position within the company in order to address the stakeholder expectations and set an example of the ethical behavior for other employees within the automobile company. Considering the recommendations, the ethical manager within the organization is held responsible for setting the expectation that any type of unethical business conduct practiced by the employees at the time of manufacturing will not be acceptable (Deyo 2016). Moreover, any employee that is involved in conducting and witnessing unethical act has the responsibility to report the same by means of suitable channels. The managers operating within the auto industry must consider employing the justice method within the company. Such approach will focus on fairf cost distribution and for the benefits of the employees and consumers of the auto industry. Manager are recommended to have a responsibility towards their consumers and make sure that the manufactured products are safe and reliable (Jones, Latham and Betta, 2013). The workers tend to develop and build their skills and abilities for accomplishing awards and promotions. Hence, it is necessary for the automotive industry to motivate their employees to strive hard for the organisational objectives. This could be made by providing bonuses, performance-related incentives, monthly appraisal and internal promotions Jos (Martnez-Jurado, Moyano-Fuentes and Jerez Gmez 2013). Conclusion The objective of the report was to focus on the cultural issues faced on the part of the automobile industry based on the information provided in the case study. This includes the commitment of the industry to deliver maximum value to its customers, environment and the related communities. Along with this, critical assessment of the motivation of the employees and job engagement in the industry has been conducted to develop constructive literature. The report revealed that as the employees are resistant to changes it creates major complexities for an organisation to develop the necessary skills within them for maximising the organisational productivity. Continual training and extending support to the staffs is necessary to instil the required skills, which could be achieved through monthly training sessions and internal rewards for better performance. As a result, it would help in driving the learning process of the organisations. From the analysis of the auto industry, it has been o bserved that the management style of coordinating the employees that allows space and transparency to the open communication and feedback to the staff. Within the auto industry, it is observed that the communicating flow between the management and the organization employees serves as an important aspect to ensure positive safety climate. The paper revealed that it is necessary for the automotive industry to motivate their employees to strive hard for the organisational objectives. This could be made by providing bonuses, performance-related incentives, monthly appraisal and internal promotions. Thus, fostering the employee motivation and job engagement could be achieved with the means of rewarding employees for their efforts in the automotive industry. It is recommended to the employers to fulfil the needs of the employees to increase the rate of retention in the organisations through higher fringe benefit options as well as physical safety. Reference List: Altenburg, T., Bhasin, S. and Fischer, D., 2012. Sustainability-oriented innovation in the automobile industry: advancing electromobility in China, France, Germany and India.Innovation and Development,2(1), pp.67-85. Brook, J.W. and Pagnanelli, F., 2014. Integrating sustainability into innovation project portfolio managementA strategic perspective.Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,34, pp.46-62. Cao, Y., You, J., Shi, Y. and Hu, W., 2016. Evaluation of automobile manufacturing enterprise competitiveness from social responsibility perspective.Problemy Ekorozwoju,11(2), pp.89-98. Deyo, F.C. ed., 2016.Social reconstructions of the world automobile industry: Competition, power and industrial flexibility. Springer. Drucker, P., 2013.People and performance. Routledge. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Fu, Z.G. and Ding, X.D., 2014. Research on Automobile Electronic Technology. InApplied Mechanics and Materials(Vol. 539, pp. 551-554). Trans Tech Publications. Gunasekaran, A. and Spalanzani, A., 2012. Sustainability of manufacturing and services: Investigations for research and applications.International Journal of Production Economics,140(1), pp.35-47. Hahn, T., Pinkse, J., Preuss, L. and Figge, F., 2015. Tensions in corporate sustainability: Towards an integrative framework.Journal of Business Ethics,127(2), pp.297-316. Jones, R., Latham, J. and Betta, M., 2013. Creating the illusion of employee empowerment: lean production in the international automobile industry.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(8), pp.1629-1645. Jos Martnez-Jurado, P., Moyano-Fuentes, J. and Jerez Gmez, P., 2013. HR management during lean production adoption.Management decision,51(4), pp.742-760. Khalili-Damghani, K. and Najmodin, M., 2014. A conceptual model for measuring reverse logistics performance in automobile industry.International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences (IJSDS),5(2), pp.21-29. Kim, P. and You, J., 2013. Strategic CSR through Innovation and Top Management Team Decision Making: Evidence from Eco-Friendly Automobile Industry Case Analyses.Journal of Advanced Management Science Vol,1(4). Kulkarni, S. and Rao, P., 2014. Comparative analysis of corporate social responsibility practices across Africa and IndiaAn Automobile Industry Perspective.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,157, pp.244-253. Li, P.C. and Huang, S.C., 2014. Application of Rapid Prototyping Technology in Automobile Manufacturing Industry. InApplied Mechanics and Materials(Vol. 533, pp. 106-110). Trans Tech Publications. Luthra, S., Garg, D. and Haleem, A., 2015. Critical success factors of green supply chain management for achieving sustainability in Indian automobile industry.Production Planning Control,26(5), pp.339-362. Mayyas, A., Qattawi, A., Omar, M. and Shan, D., 2012. Design for sustainability in automotive industry: A comprehensive review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,16(4), pp.1845-1862. Singh, R.K., Murty, H.R., Gupta, S.K. and Dikshit, A.K., 2012. An overview of sustainability assessment methodologies.Ecological Indicators,15(1), pp.281-299. Sun, J.K., Qiu, H.H. and Yang, C.Y., 2015. Development of a Knowledge Management System for the Automobile Industry Based on CAPP. InApplied Mechanics and Materials(Vol. 775, pp. 474-478). Trans Tech Publications. Tran, M., Banister, D., Bishop, J.D. and McCulloch, M.D., 2013. Simulating early adoption of alternative fuel vehicles for sustainability.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,80(5), pp.865-875. Wen, T.Q. and Liu, J., 2014. Assessment of Risks in Automobile Remanufacturing. InAdvanced Materials Research(Vol. 909, pp. 160-165). Trans Tech Publications. Werbach, A., 2013.Strategy for sustainability: A business manifesto. Harvard Business Press.

Biol 1209 writing assignment free essay sample

Lake Malawi’s cichlid male population of fish are tested on their ability to build bowers to attract the female population. Altering this extended phenotype, or ability to build bowers resulted in no change of mating, but males that built successful bowers showed to be less aggressive with other males in the population. This is important in maintaining polymorphic populations (Magalhaes, 2014). In my self-created scenario, the focus is on the small male population of cichlid fish. The male cichlid fish ability to build successful bowers is dominant while not building successful bowers is recessive within the population. After a recent hurricane wiped out the cichlid population food source, the male population has been tested on their ability to find other food for the female population. The ability includes better strength and speed. Female cichlid fish find this new ability to more attractive than building successful bowers because of this environmental change. The purpose of this study is to determine natural selection and to see if the male population of cichlid fish will be altered due to the changes in their environment. Null Hypothesis: The male population of cichlid fish will not have an altered allele frequency due to changes in the environment. Alternative Hypothesis: The male population of cichlid fish will have an altered allele frequency due to changes in the environment. Methods: PopG software was used to perform this experiment. The data listed below are the settings used for each trial of each different figure. Figure 1 Population size =100 Fitness values AA =1. 0 Aa = 1. 0 aa = 1. 0 Mutation Rate Aa =0. 03 aA = 0 Migration = 0 Initial allele frequency = 0. 5 Number of generations = 100 Figure 2 Population size = 100 Fitness values AA = 1. 0 Aa = 1. 0 aa = 1. 0 Mutation Rate Aa = 0 aA = 0 Migration = 0.8 Initial allele frequency = 0. 5 Number of generations = 100 Figure 3 Population size =100 Fitness values AA =0. 5 Aa = 1. 0 aa = 0. 6 Mutation Rate Aa =0 aA =0 Migration = 0 Initial allele frequency = 0. 5 Number of generations = 100 Figure 4 Population size =100 Fitness values AA =1. 0 Aa = 1. 0 aa = 1. 0 Mutation Rate Aa =0 aA = 0. 001 Migration = 0 Initial allele frequency = 0. 5 Number of generations =100 Results: The frequency of alleles of the male population of cichlid fish is shown in the graphs below. Each figure consists the average of five trials. In figure 1 a mutation that takes over the recessive alleles in the male population of cichlid fish causes the allele frequency to become a rate of 0. 116. Figure 2 shows the effect of migration at a rate of 0. 8 on the male cichlid fish population. The parameter of migration makes the average allele frequency 0. 366. Figure 3 involves a change in the fitness of both the homozygous dominant and recessive alleles of the male cichlid fish. Their fitness are decreased to 0. 5 and 0. 6 and that results in an average of 0. 496 for the allele frequency. The last figure, figure 4, involves another mutation, but over the dominant alleles at a rate of 0. 001. The average after this new mutation is 0. 318. Figure 1. This graph depicts the average allele frequency value of male cichlid fish when a new mutation that goes from dominant to recessive arises in the male population after the hurricane hit Lake Malawi. Over five trials the average allele frequency after this mutation is shown to be 0. 116. Figure 2. This graph depicts the average allele frequency of male cichlid fish when their population migrates at a rate of 0. 8 after the hurricane decreased their food source. Over five trials the average allele frequency with this change in the migration rate is 0. 366. Figure 3. This graph depicts the average allele frequency of male cichlid fish when the change of fitness in the homozygous dominant (AA) and the homozygous recessive (aa) are decreased to 0. 5 and 0. 6 based on their ability to find food sources after the hurricane hit. The average value over five trials is shown to be 0. 496. Figure 4. This graph depicts the average allele frequency of male cichlid fish when a mutation that goes from recessive to dominant arises within the population at a rate of 0. 001. The average value over five trials is shown to be 0. 318. Discussion: From the data we can conclude that different traits or parameters can effect a population in many different ways. It can decrease or increase a population depending on the trait. After a hurricane hits Lake Malawi the cichlid fish male population must adapt to the new factors that have been put upon them. Mutation within the population supports the fact that it can cause dominant and recessive allele frequency to decrease. Migration causes the allele frequency to lower as well due to movement of the population after the hurricane. The cichlid male fish with a higher fitness are more suitable for their environment, but when their fitness is lowered, their allele frequency decreases. This decrease puts the more fit fish on top making their trait more favorable to pass onto other generations. In this experiment since the fitness was lowered there was a decrease in the allele frequency. The overall results show that the null hypothesis is rejected because the results support the alternative hypothesis that the male population of cichlid fish will have an altered allele frequency due to changes in their environment, in this case a hurricane.