Determining Causes and Effects Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Determining Causes and Effects - Research Paper Example In July 2009, unemployment figures stood at sixteen percent of white youth, twenty-one percent of Hispanic youths, and thirty-one percent of black youths (Janoski, Luke, & Oliver, 2014). Other estimates that include people who are no longer seeking employment due to discouragement, and those who are underemployed measure at twenty-one percent of the aggregate national unemployment rate. Same as unemployment, underemployment has unequally distributed cases among the youth, women and black employees. Unemployment refers to a situation where people are ready and able to work, but there is no employment for them. There are different forms of unemployment. It can be Structural, Frictional, or Cyclical. The extent to which unemployment affects the nation is shown by the amount of attention given to the monthly Employment Report put out by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The subject that tops the list is unemployment. Statistics on unemployment do not only show the level of employment but also show how satisfied or dissatisfied the citizens are with the government and their leaders. Widespread and lingering unemployment has dire consequences not just for the nation’s economy but also for the unemployed. During the recession, the unemployment rate hit the ten percent mark. Layoffs were also on the rise. However, layoffs are not the primary causes of unemployment. The factor which drove the unemployment rates so high during the recession was the lack of creation of new jobs. In the 2001 recession, employers shed two and a half million jobs in six quarters more than in the 2009 recession (Janoski, Luke, & Oliver, 2014). The reason for this is the significant drop in the rate of jobs creation. The downfall of the housing bubble, the credit crunch, and unfavorable economic policies made the country less attractive to entrepreneurs. The poor business climate also discouraged business owners from expanding. As the level of job creation falls, while the

A Rose for Emily by William Faulker and A & P by John Updike analysed Essay

A Rose for Emily by William Faulker and A & P by John Updike analysed - Essay Example On a personal view, life is a process of making choices. Even the fact that an individual would put every life decision on fate is a choice in itself. For that matter, in the query regarding the human beings’ ability to make choices or to be controlled by fate, the main answer is that there is an interaction between making choices and having faith on fate. The two literary works analyzed depicted and captured how human beings live life. A Rose for Emily by William Faulker and A & P by John Updike are the main focus of the paper. These short stories exemplify the effects of the different events, cultural and social factors on the behavior, outlook, and the manner each of the characters lives life. A Rose for Emily In the short story by William Faulkner entitled A Rose for Emily, life was given a different light. The author focused on the dark elements that often occur in life thus the story leaned on the mysterious and macabre genre. Included in the elements of the plot are mul tiple deaths, tragedies of love, and strict family rules. Emily is the focus of the story. She is a character who is a member of a family with strict traditions and mysterious habits. These traditions and habits became the main reason why Emily and her family stood out of the community. They are very different, they attracted attention because they do not connect and mingle with other people, which is considered as a normal thing to do as a member of a community. For that matter, people around them either treat them with alienation or with antagonism. The main character Emily can be considered to have the fate of being born in a family of eccentric views and attitudes in terms of social interaction and relationships. As a person who only depends on whatever the fate brings, Emily can be presumed to just stay inside the house all her life, even after the death of her father. But as the story progressed, it is safe to say that this is not the case. When her father died she continued t o stay inside the house but this changed Homer Barron came into town. He is a charming guy involved in the construction and modernization of road in town. He represents a modern world where he came from. This can be concluded in the manner he carries himself. He is confident in interacting with the people in the community. Even Emily had not been safe from his charms. Her life and even her outlook in life changed when she met Homer. It had been fate that made Emily a part of an eccentric family. It was also fate who brought her Homer Barron. He changed her life to the point that she became a different person when he was around. She became more open and a part of the community. She was able to consciously change her ways when she was with Homer. Based on the said decision, Emily can be considered as a person who can make her own decisions. She is also a type of person who is not afraid to be criticized based on the decisions that she is making and the attitudes and behaviors that she is showing. Another action that affirmed Emily’s capability to make her own decisions was the fact that she wanted to keep her love with her forever, by keeping Homer’s body in the bedroom even after he died. Although this is weird and can even be considered as a twisted action, she had not been afraid to show expressions of her love for the man. People can judge such actions as insane but Emily stood by her own views. Regardless of the society’s negative reactions, she showed that she cannot be swayed. Until her last day, she lived with the choices and decisions she made. Based on the short story, different factors can affect the life of every person. Factors such as tradition, religion, genetic make-up and socioeconomic status can affect the manner by which person makes decisions

Wireless Network Advantages and Disadvantages

Wireless Network Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages There are many advantages associated with installing a wireless network compared to a wired network such as mobility, cost-effectiveness and adaptability. Wireless Networking is relatively cheaper than wired Networks since they require no cables between the computers as well as lower long term costs due to less maintenance since there is less equipment. The reduction of cables also reduces the trip hazard caused by cables running along the floor in most homes. Most wireless network equipment is plug-and-play, which helps reduce the total cost such as vendor installation and eliminates redundancy is case of a system crash. Wireless Networking is also very mobile and versatile; it is adaptable to most situations and requirements. Wireless networks can easily be set up and dissembled, which is perfect for many people who are on temporary worksites/homes or leased space. It can also provide networking in places where regular wire cannot reach such as the backyard in a home situation. Access points can be used to boost the wireless signal range if required. Since portable workstations such as laptops have become popular, wireless networks can provide quick and easy access to the internet and workspaces for students and teachers in universities etc. It is also extremely easy to add other components onto this type of network such as easy installation of VoIP and printers etc without the need to configure ones computer. Disadvantages Since wireless networking is a relatively new and contingent form of networking, it is filled with it own hazards and problems such as unreliability and security. Wireless networks have limited bandwidth, hence they cannot support Video Teleconferencing(VTC). It is also limited in its expandability due to the lack of available wireless spectrum for it to occupy. Wireless Network can also be a security risk if not installed and maintained properly. Wireless networks don„ ¢t require any physical components to connect up to it such as wires, only a wireless adapter is required which significantly increases the accessibility of the network to potential hackers. This scenario is worsened if the network doesn„ ¢t contain a password since it can then be accessed by anyone with ease. Wireless networks also have an increased chance of jamming and interference due to external factors such as fog and dust storms or when a flying object such as an aeroplane passes over the field. When too many people in the same area use wireless networks, the band of air that they transmit signals on can become overloaded. Wired networks Advantages Wired networks have existed for a long times, therefore have developed exponentially over the recent years. Improvements have been made in the fields of speed, security and reliability. Wired networks offer the fastest transfer speed of all the networks. Gigabit Ethernet is currently the best choice for wired networks and provides speeds of up to one gigabit per second. This is almost three times faster than the best wireless connection available and almost ninety times faster than a regular connection. Wired networks consist of physical, fixed connects which are not prone to interference and fluctuations in available bandwidth caused by factors such as walls. Features such as shielding(adding an aluminium foil around the wires) and twisting at different strengths help reduce interference. Wired networks also have a better security system than wireless networks. The network itself is harder to connect to since it has to be physically connected to through wires which can become a hassle when trying to hack into it. It cannot be accessed from anywhere since the signals are not broadcasted. Disadvantages Wired networks mainly suffer the inverse of the advantages of a wireless network system such as lack of mobility and greater cost. Wireless network require greater resources such as cabling, switch/hub and network cards to install and to maintain therefore the initial and long term costs are much higher. It can also be a large loss when it has to be disassembled and reinstalled since they wiring has to be completely overhauled and is normally unusable after because of damage. Wired networks can also be a hassle to install new components into because of all the hardware required to do this. Cables and network cards are required to install new computers to the system and wires need to be drawn from the switch to the computers. The wiring can become messy and indistinguishable very quickly and can become a potential safety hazard due to the risk of triping. Wired Network Components Switch The network switch is a computer networking device that connects network segments, it connects the various parts of the network together like a convergence device. The network switch commonly refers to a network bridge that processes and routes data at the Data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that also process data at the Network layer are technically referred to as Multilayer switches. Network card A network interface card, network adapter, network interface controller (NIC), network interface card, or LAN adapter is a computer hardware component designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. It is both an OSI layer 1 (physical layer) and layer 2 (data link layer) device, as it provides physical access to a networking medium and provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses. It allows users to connect to each other either by using cables or wirelessly Cabling: There are many types of cabling available but the two common groups are the copper cables and the fibre optic cables. There are two main types of copper cables, twisted pairs and coaxial cable. Twisted pairs are two insulated wires twisted around each other to for a twisted pair. This leads to a better electrical performance and a slightly higher bit rate than untwisted pairs. The twisting helps reduce interference by twisting at different tightness„ ¢ and by also adding in a layer of aluminium around it(shielded). They have become the most common form of transmission media cable today. Coaxial cables are two-wire conductors with a larger bandwidth than the twisted pair cables. The inner cable is heavily insulated so it is safe from bending and crushing and separated from the braided outer conductor. This outer cable is in turn insulated. The resultant electrical field occurs outside the coaxial cable, thus reducing the level of noise making the medium suitable for conducting high bit rates over longer distances than twisted pairs. Fibre Optics Fibre optic cables work through total internal reflection where a beam of light is passed through a hollow glass tube. There are two methods of transfer for this media, single mode and multi mode. Single mode optical fibre„ ¢s only carry a single ray of light that can vary in wavelength. The ray travels parallel to the length of the fibre and is often called the transverse mode since its electromagnetic vibrations occur perpendicular (transverse) to the length of the fiber. Multi mode is mostly used for communication over short distances. It utilizes multiple rays of light travelling through the same tube at the same time. Typical multimode links have data rates of 10 Megabit/s to 10 Gigabit/s over link lengths of up to 600 meters. Wireless Network Components Wireless Modem/Router A wireless router is a network device that performs the functions of a router but also includes the functions of a wireless access point. It is commonly used to allow access to the Internet or a computer network without the need for a cabled connection. It can function in a wired LAN (local area network), a wireless only LAN or a mixed wired/wireless network. A modem router also allows access to the internet for the whole network. Wireless Network Adapter A wireless network adapter allows a computing device to join a wireless LAN. Wireless network adapters contain a built-in radio transmitter and receiver. There are many three main types of adapters, traditional PCI wireless adapters are add-in cards designed for installation inside a desktop computer having a PCI bus. USB wireless adapters connect to the external USB port of a computer. Finally, so-called PC Card or PCMCIA wireless adapters insert into a narrow open bay on a notebook computer. Security Authentication Authentications are security measures designed to establish the validity of a transmission, message, or originator, or a means of verifying an individuals authorization to receive specific categories of information. E.g. Passwords. Firewall Firewalls can be implemented in either hardware or software, or a combination of both. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria. Types of firewalls include packet filters, proxy servers, Application gateways and circuit level gateways. Encryption Encryption is the conversion of data into a form, called a cipher text that cannot be easily understood by unauthorized people. Decryption is the process of converting encrypted data back into its original form, so it can be understood. There are three types of encryption, manual, transparent and semi-transparent. Proposal: The most suitable network for this situation is a mixture of both wired and wireless networks. Offices two, three and four should be connected through physical wired connections to ensure maximum speed and reliability and the fastest possible connection with the server without creating a more permanent layout e.g. burying the wires. Fast Ethernet cabling will be used since extreme transfer speeds are not required for this situation. Office one should be connected to wireless which eradicates the need for cables. Since there is only one computer connected wirelessly the bandwidth is not shared allowing for ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“faster„ ¢ connection speed. There is also the added bonus of being able to connect laptops etc, which are becoming increasingly popular, to the network with ease. The switch and the router will be placed in office three along with the server since it will be the computer that is most frequently accessed, reducing the distance between it and t he switch should increase performance. The router/modem will be connected to an internet access point to allow for internet connection. Bibliography Advantages and Disadvantages of Wireless Networks http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~meinkej/inss690/khayat.pdf (accessed 10/9/10) www.netgear.co.uk/home_newnetwork_wiredwireless.php (accessed 8/09/10) Advantages and Disadvantages of Wired Networks http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~dil/thesis_mosaic/subsection2_7_2_2.html (accessed 10/9/10) www.web-articles.info//Advantages-of-Wired-Networks-over-Wireless-Networks/ (accessed on the 8/9/10) Network Components http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_adapter (Accessed 10/09/10) http://www.teach-ict.com/as_a2/topics/networks/network%20components/network_components/index.htm (accessed 08/09/10)

Analysis Of A Motivational Speech By Queen Elizabeth I -- essays resea

The human desires of greed, wealth, and power have been embedded into the world's history as political figures have led invasions of other countries countless numbers of times. Whether invaded or being invaded, a country requires strong and capable leaders to see them through this difficult time. In 1588, Queen Elizabeth I of England gave a motivational speech to her troops using the rhetorical devices of diction, imagery, and sentence structure to motivate her subjects positively and to instill the fear of the pending invasion in their hearts. The queen uses positive diction, sentence structure, and imagery in her effort to motivate her people to defend their country from their Spanish invaders. She uses diction to praise and motivate her subjects. The queen refers to her people as "faithful" and "loving," praising their "loyal[ty]" and "goodwill." These positive words allow her subjects to see her as a caring, kind leader whose praise urges them to fight for their country. She also uses the words "noble" and "worthy" to describe her people's task of protecting their country against invasion. The use of such praising words makes her people see the task as important, and it will instill a sense of duty in their hearts to protect their kingdom. The queen further motivates her people by implementing the use of sentence structure. In the beginning of her speech, she says, "we have been persuaded." In the second half of her first sentence, she says, "I a ssure you I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people." Her use of the royal "we" and then her transition to "I" symbolizes her descent from the throne literally to speak to her troops on the field and figuratively by referring to herself as I. This will encourage the troops to see her as a fellow Englishman and not a distant queen. The queen also uses sentence structure when she says, "I myself will be your general, judge, and rewarder," and, "By your obedience.., by your concord.., and your valor.., we shall shortly have a famous victory." She speaks listing three things at a time, giving her speech rhythm. The mention of her three positions shows her as generous and powerful, causing her troops to respect and admire her. The listing of the three characteristics of her... ...age of the queen actually picking up a weapon and marching into battle with her troops. The importance of this image is that it encourages the troops to pledge their loyalty to their queen who seems willing to fight alongside them. The queen also scorns those who "dare to invade the boarders of my [the queen's] realm." This creates an image of the pending invasion in the minds of her people. With a vivid portrait of the upcoming battles, her subjects realize that they must be brave and loyal in order to defend their country. Perhaps the most vivid image is that of the "heat of battle." A fire-swept battlefield comes into mind, and the fear of such a battle will motivate the queen's subjects to protect themselves from such future battles. Clearly, the queen, using the rhetorical devices of diction, imagery, and sentence structure, was able to motivate her subjects positively and to instill the fear of the pending invasion in their hearts. Her concise but powerful speech was exactly what her troops needed to hear before marching to battle. The queen with her speech secured their loyalty and trust, and her oratory helped unify her people in their time of crisis.

Discuss the Techniques Used by Shakespeare to Present Othello’s Transformation

Discuss the Techniques Used by Shakespeare to Present Othello’s Transformation The transforming of Othello is perhaps one of the most important parts to the play. Shakespeare uses a number of techniques to get across the monumental change in Othello and to dramatically present both the characters and the story. Perhaps the most climatic of all the approaches is Othello’s given state of mind. To begin with, he is calm, reserved and commanding, knowing what he wants and how he is to get it.Shakespeare consigned Othello short, impressive imperatives like ‘stand there’ to demonstrate his amount of control. Othello continues to use majestic language throughout the beginning of the play: ‘but look’ and ‘keep up’. As most of his orders are realized, again it indicates Othello’s ability to obtain all he desires and his assertive stride. Othello’s vocalization style immediately evokes a loud and proud man, standing before us w ith great authority, whilst also holding his own and without revealing his purpose.He says ‘most potent, grave, and reverend signiors’ to display the amount of respect he has for those above him, lavishing them in glorifying adjectives: ‘noble and approved good masters’ and ‘gracious patience’, flattering them to acquire all he wishes. Othello continues to appear humble and reserved, ‘rude am I in my speech†¦ little bless’d with the soft phrase of peace’, when covertly he knows and understands he has an ulterior motive, and understands how to proceed to succeed in this motive.Othello has been given an ability to be sycophantic, in order for those listening to be taken in by his sweet flattery, so he can get in their head, and make them conceive to his demands. Othello does, after all, still remain with his confident and unflappable manner: ‘I have ta’en away this old man’s daughter’, is just o ne is the few examples of the audacious and defiant demeanour he pronounces us with. Othello’s character is not distressed when clarifying the obvious, and is not afraid to express it in such a style that could be portrayed as abrupt and ungracious.However, due to the earlier honeying of his words, Othello can get away with saying such things in a comparable scheme. Essentially, he knows what he is doing. Othello displays an ability to use staggering poetic images: ‘Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them. ’ This shows a lyrical side to him and is just another way he expresses his assurance. It is delicate language, and is said in a dignified fashion, flaunting his unobtrusive authority and his dexterity to remain unruffled.Othello could be powerful, persuasive and emphatic, simply by becoming a profitable raconteur, and drawing his listeners into the tale. The story of Othello and Desdemona’s love (act 1, scene 3), was told so one could see how impressive Othello could be; he could stand in front of a court, confidently and surely, divulge an account, and use elaborate images, captivating all around him completely, when the person he is challenging is one of higher authority. To the audience we view him as an intimidating person, making us quiver in our seats and look to him as one that can hold himself no matter what.Later on, however, Othello changes the manner in which he speaks ‘– Handkerchief — confessions’. He changes to prose, signifying numerous things. Perhaps it is announcing to us that he is now a puppet, a minion, rather than a high general; also that he has lost all his earlier fluency and rhythm. His language is broken and erratic, much like the way he is thinking. When once Othello used the imperatives, by the end of the play, he is succumbing to the orders given by others. ‘Do it not with poison, strangle her’ Iago tells Othello, and Othello is very easily swayed : becoming the passive one.He not only has no control over those around him, but cannot even control his own actions and his own mind. Previously, Othello could stand in front of the Venetian Court and persuade them to listen to his version of events, giving him extravagant respect, whereas the later on in the play one reads, we see him transformed to the afore mentioned minion characteristics. If one was respected by others, they would not say ‘Damn her, lewd minx! ’ and ‘O damn her! ’ It is aggressive and emotive, bordering out of control, and is a complete contrast to his previous, calm self.Othello would not return to that sturdy, serene and placid man he once was. When he uses base language (‘damn’ and ‘lewd’), this again, shows us his metamorphosis to one who has become far more moronic, and lower in the hierarchy. ‘Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them’ is a demonstration of the imagery that Sha kespeare presents Othello with. The majority of his imagery is fairly theatrical, establishing his assurance, as he can execute such extravagant mental images, and carry them off.It also shows that his mind is in a harmonious situation, and is not poisoned, giving him the ability to elect images that would be effective in the circumstances: ‘of moving accidents by flood and field, of hair-breadth escapes ‘ the imminent deadly breach’. Thereafter, we see all his images transforming to become grotesque and incongruous, ‘rather be a toad’. Toads are slimy, unbecoming animals, and Shakespeare is giving us perception to what Othello has been corrupted to adorn. ‘Vapour of a dungeon’ is just another example of the putrid imagery Othello is given.His change in images (both what we acknowledge, and the thoughts of Othello) is monumental, and therefore disturbing. When Othello is speaking to others, we can observe his reaction to what is said. At the beginning, this would not help us perceive much, as he may be thinking one thing, but say another in an entirely believable manner. This was when Othello’s soliquies mattered. Nearer the end, however, Othello was in such a predicament that he always said what he was thinking, and all his emotions were displayed.He is ruled now by what he feels, not by what is right, not what would make sense to the man he once was. In one soliquy he says ‘for I am black’ which indicates insecurity, something that would not have bothered him before. Othello is also feeling sexually insecure, ‘I am abused’, thus feeling sorry for himself. However the earlier Othello would have no reason to be, because he had everything he wanted: ‘boasting is an honour’. Not only is he insecure, he also starts to hold an inability to keep his anger under control.This, in turn, represents a lack of power. ‘Think, my lord! ’ shows his frustration, and the pa ssage that follows unveils a simmering exasperation. This creates tension, as we are waiting for Othello to pronounce us with an unleashed fury. In contrast, when Othello would get angry beforehand, a dignified response was ensued, ‘Good signoir, you shall more command with years than with your weapons’. Even in the face of danger, Othello used to manage keeping control of both himself, and the situation.The change in punctuation is significant to the change in Othello, as it gives us an insight as to how he is reacting, and his state of mind. In the first instance, Shakespeare does not render Othello with too many questions or exclamations, revealing his capacity to remain unruffled and collected. The lack of questions signifies that Othello knows all, and does not question situations or people. Later on, we see the transformation, as Othello is seen to use many more exclamations: ‘not their appetites! ’, ‘the tranquil mind! ’, ‘content! , ‘ambition virtue! ’, ‘glorious war! ’†¦ The list goes on. This implies excitement, anger and perturbation. Before he may not have needed to become animated; if he did, he could keep it under control; perhaps so he could manipulate others. Now, however, he is emotive and dramatic, contrasting his earlier emotions. The new use of question marks expresses Othello’s stupidity and confusion: ‘what didst not like? ’ Not only does this verify his turmoil, but he is also questioning himself. It’s another example of his new found insecurity: ‘is’t possible? Shakespeare has made it as such Othello cannot understand what is going on around him, making him an easier target to wield. Othello’s ‘Love’ for Desdemona was so powerful and passionate, ‘that I love the gentle Desdemona’. Othello wished to marry her, even though it will cause an inimitable eruption. ‘I loved her’ again shows that is his Love was influential (much like him). Othello loves Desdemona so much that he was prepared to ruin his hard-earned career for her, ‘I would not my un-housed free condition put into circumscription and confine for the sea’s worth’.He talks about her countless times throughout the first part of the play and it demonstrates how dominant she has been in his life. Then, however, he goes on to describe her as ‘lewd minx’ disclosing to us that he holds an unaccustomed hatred toward her; he uses ‘fair devil’ at one point, an oxymoron, establishing two things: he is confused, and he loves Desdemona, but hates her also. Moreover, Othello rarely uses her name, when nearing the end of the play: ‘with her, lest her body’, ‘lie with her’ etc, which shows us that he cannot bear to say it.To begin with, however, he would use ‘Desdemona’ regularly, as though by saying her name, it would bring him closer to her, and that’s all he wanted. ‘If I do prove’ discloses the fact that he doth endeavour to believe that Desdemona still Loves him, perhaps because he couldn’t imagine it any other way. Not merely this, but again it is demonstrates his freshly found insecurity and vacillation. Perhaps the most dramatic of the changes presented when looking at Othello’s bestowed behaviour towards Desdemona, is when he hits her.He strikes her accompanied with ‘devil’. Desdemona is simply perplexed, and responds, ‘I have not deserved this’. Her retort explains that what he has done is unconventional for him, and that there is no reason behind the attack. Lodovico plays a vital part when noticing the change between the lovers. He saw how in love they were since the rudiments of the play, and how that has modified. He goes from one extreme to the next, so we see the monumental adaptation between their love through Lodovico’s eye s.He reacts to Othello hitting Desdemona as such: ‘would not have been believed in Venice’, whereas earlier he could see that they were in love. Cassio used to be Othello’s lieutenant, and was when Othello had his own state of mind, his own sense of morals, indicating Cassio was of the correct calibre when it comes to his job. After Othello had been poisoned, however, ‘now art thou my lieutenant’, Othello promotes Iago. It demonstrates his conversion in trust, and reveals that he has almost been twisted to the maximum. It is as though he must have Iago there to endure ‘if thou dost love me, show me thy thought’.He is insecure and paranoid, and must know what Iago is thinking. Dramatic irony also comes into the equation here, as we know Cassio is the one that Othello should accredit, but Iago is the one he believes. Ultimately, this creates tension in the audience. Again, Othello’s soliquies elucidate a great deal when it comes to how he is thinking. ‘O curse of marriage’ tells us that Othello no longer appreciates the idea of marriage, and ‘had rather be a toad, and live upon a vapour of a dungeon, than keep a corner in the thing I love’.Before, we knew that he held certain adoration for marriage, as he decided to espouse Desdemona although it would cause havoc. This soliquy also deduces a great deal about his sentiments, as we see him with pessimistic view-points: ‘Tis destiny unshunnable, like death: even then this forked plague is fated to us’. Finally, Othello returns to his imperturbable self, opening with imperatives on his last speech: ‘soft you’. He is confident again ‘I have done the state some service, and they know’t’. Othello goes on to realise he has been ‘wrought’ by Iago, and ‘perplex’d in the extreme’.He describes Desdemona as a ‘pearl, richer than all his tribe’ and discerns that he threw away something beautiful and vulnerable, due to Iago’s cunningness. Othello finishes with ‘I took by the throat the circumcised dog, and smote him, thus’ indirectly calling himself the enemy, as he stabs himself after the last word. Othello’s veil that was put there by Iago was ripped away and he must have feel satisfaction from realising the truth; however we know he loves Desdemona, as he ends his life because of what he has done, and what he believed to be true.

Target Financial Analysis

Juan A. Torres Rodriguez D01596038 Mini Case Assignment Target Corp. started in 1902 as Dayton’s Dry Goods company. At 1911, Dayton’s Dry Goods is renames as Dayton Company, and commonly known as Dayton’s Department Store. In 1946 Dayton’s Department Stores started giving the community back 5% of their pretax profits, a practice that Target Corp still maintains. During the 1960’s Dayton’s create a new kind of store to appeal the masses called Target, opening the first Target store in the Twin Cities on May 1, 1962. The industry sector in which Target Corporation competes is in the retail sector reaching the $62. 7 Billion in sales. As mentioned above, Target competes in the retail sector, which makes the operating risks of the company mainly focused on customer’s perceptions, differentiation of brand, and anticipating consumer preferences to boost their sales, gross margin and profitability. If we take a look at Target’s 10K, th e first risk factor they mention is the ability of differentiate the business from other retailers by creating attractive value propositions through a careful combination of price, merchandise assortment, convenience, guest service and marketing efforts.Another risk that all companies in this sector face is the macroeconomic condition of the country and the impact this has in their consumers. This lead us to the financial risk the company might have. One of the financial risks we have to consider in any type of company is the debt to total capitalization ratio. Based on financial information of their 2011 report, we can calculate the debt to total capitalization ratio in the following manner: Total debt: 15,726 million Total stockholder’s equity: 15,487 million, therefore: 15,726 / 31,213= . 50 or 50%Comparing their debt to total capitalization ratio with industry average, Target’s is too high. The industry debt to total capitalization ratio is 0. 36. Comparing the fin ancial information of previous years Target went from 0. 58 in 2009 to 0. 52 in 2010, to 0. 50 in 2011. Overall, Target is improving significantly their debt to capitalization ratio, but still has some work to do. In regards of Target stock, currently they don’t have any preferred stock outstanding, just common stock. Target’s common stock is traded in the NYSE as TGT. The price of it’s common stock as of today is $62. 0, going up 0. 06 points. Target’s cash dividend yield on the Common Stock is 0. 0192 = 1. 92% = 2. 0: Cash dividends declared per share: $1. 20 Current stock price: $62. 50 Cash dividend yield= 1. 15 dividends declared/ 62. 50 stock price = 1. 92 = 2. 0 Target’s market capitalization is: 668. 4 million shares issued and outstanding x $62. 50 of stock prices = 41. 8 Billion Continuing with Target’s capital structure, if we look at Target’s liabilities section: Short portion of Long-Term Debt = $3. 3 Billion Long-term de bt = $15. 2 Billion Therefore the total debt for Target would be: . 3 B + 15. 2 B = 18. 5 Billion Dollars Taking the previous calculation of Targets market capitalization of 41. 8 the total capitalization would be: 18. 5 B + 41. 8 B = 60. 3 Billion, or: 31% Debt 69% Equity As of November 18, 2012, Target’s current beta is . 48. Now if we would like to calculate what would be Target’s new beta without the long-term debt (unlevered beta) we need to use the Hamada formula for the unlevered beta bu= b/ [1 +(1-T)(D/S) bu= . 48 / [ 1 + (1-34. 3%) (18. 5/40. 6)] bu= . 37 If Target would not have any long-term debt, its beta would be of . 7. Moving to Target’s current Marginal Tax Rate, according to the Income Statement found at Target’s annual report, the rate is 34. 3%. In order to calculate Target’s Cost of debt before and after taxes, we need to look for the bonds issued by a corporation. Since Target has not issued bonds, I took the cost of a long-ter m debt due in 2020 as my example. The rate of that long-term debt is 3. 875%. This would be the Cost of debt before any taxes taken. Now to calculate the Cost of Debt after tax, we need to proceed with the following calculation: 3. 875 ( 1 – 34. %) = 2. 545875 As mentioned before, Target doesn’t have any preferred stock. We can calculate the Cost of Equity using the Risk Free Rate of 3. 00% and a Risk Premium of 7. 5% points. Using the new beta of . 48 we can determine what is the Expected Total return by Common Stockholders: rRF = 3. 00 rRP = 7. 5 b= . 48 Cost of Equity = rRF + (rRP x b) =3. 00% + (7. 5% pts x 0. 48) = 0. 066 ? 6. 6% Given the dividend yield of 2. 0 we can also determine the Expected annual appreciation of Target’s Common Stock: 6. 6% Total Return – 2. 0 Dividend Yield = 4. % of E. A. A. With the previous information calculated we could proceed and calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital: wd = 31% ws = 69% rs = 6. 6% rd = 3. 875% Tax = 34. 3 WACC = wd ( 1 – T)rd + ws(rs) =31% ( 1 – 34. 3%) 3. 875% + (69% x 6. 6%) = 0. 053432 = 5. 3432% One of the last things used to evaluate in order to consider investing in a company is its Price Earnings Multiple. Target’s Price Earnings Multiple is calculated the following way: Stock Price= $62. 50 Earnings Per Share = $4. 50 P/E = Stock Price / EPS = 62. 50 / 4. 50 = 13. 89If we compare Target’s P/E ratio with Wal-Mart, which is in the same industry, (14. 03 P/E), Target’s P/E is within ndustry. http://finance. yahoo. com/q/bc? s=TGT+Basic+Chart&t=5y This chart was retrieved from Yahoo! Financial. In here we can see the performance of Target’s Stock (TGT) during the past five years. In 2008 Target’s started at approximately $55. 00; looking at 2009, the stock plummeted from the 60’s to the mid 20’s, which reflects the market crash. After this episode in the economy we can see that Target’s stock has re covered significantly.After performing the calculations, Target’s capital structure is optimal. However, the debt to capitalization ratio is high, at 50%. Target needs to lower its Long-Term Debt. Comparing Target’s debt to capital to the industry average, the industry average is 0. 36. However I would invest in Target. I think I would have an advantage over outsiders, because I used to work at Target Corporation. Target is a company that is constantly growing, and their sales demonstrate their market advantage over other retailers. What convinced me to invest into Target mostly was the P/E ratio.Comparing it to a corporation like Wal-Mart, which is really successful, Target’s P/E ratio is acceptable and attractive. References 1. Scovaner, Douglas A. (2011). Target 2011 Annual Report. Retrieved on November 18, 2012: https://corporate. target. com/annual-reports/2011/images/company/annual_report_2011/documents/Target_2011_Annual_Report. pdf 2. Stock Analysis on n et. (2012). Retrieved on November 18, 2012. http://www. stock-analysis-on. net/NYSE/Company/Target-Corp/Ratios/Long-term-Debt-and-Solvency#Debt-to-Capital 3. Retrieved on November 18, 2012 http://ycharts. com/companies/TGT/pe_ratio 4.Yahoo! Finance. (2012). Retrieved on November 18, 2012. http://finance. yahoo. com/q/bc? s=TGT+Basic+Chart&t=5y ——————————————– [ 1 ]. https://corporate. target. com/annual-reports/2011/images/company/annual_report_2011/documents/Target_2011_Annual_Report. pdf, page 5. [ 2 ]. http://www. stock-analysis-on. net/NYSE/Company/Target-Corp/Ratios/Long-term-Debt-and-Solvency#Debt-to-Capital [ 3 ]. https://corporate. target. com/annual-reports/2011/images/company/annual_report_2011/documents/Target_2011_Annual_Report. pdf, [ 4 ]. http://ycharts. com/companies/TGT/pe_ratio